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The role of PPARalpha in lipid metabolism and obesity: focusing on the effects of estrogen on PPARalpha actions

5.1 Signaling mechanisms from the gut microbiota to the brain SCFAs, BAs, and other metabolites have been implicated as signaling molecules mediating host-microbe communication via EECs and ECCs by acting on the corresponding receptors, which can regulate many CNS activities, including energy and glucose metabolism as well as HPA activity (400404)

Cell-culture in-vitro studies typically employ nanomolar to micromolar concentrations to evaluate receptor EC50 values

We extended those earlier results by investigating the effect of Ex under different meal schedules, showing that the late effect of Ex is not only smaller but depends on the palatability of the offered food, implying that it is also more context-dependent compared to the strong early effect of Ex