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A high-performer

These include: Permeability across the intestinal wall Chemical and metabolic stability (how easily they break down) Gastrointestinal (GI) transit time Molecular size, which is often the biggest barrier To overcome these challenges, scientists have developed different strategies for improving oral delivery: Absorption enhancers These substances temporarily make the intestinal barrier more permeable or act as carriers to help peptides cross it

Evidence in one sentence: Both delivery systems are biologically plausible and supported by limited human biomarker or pharmacokinetic data, but neither has been proven superior for meaningful clinical outcomes

Nature 410 , 277284, (2001)